논리적 오류 - 추가 사례들

해외에서 주로 사용되는 논리적 오류들 모음

 

Logical errors, also known as logical fallacies, are mistakes in reasoning that can lead to false or unreliable conclusions. There are many different types of logical errors, and they can be used in a variety of settings, from everyday conversations to academic research.

One example of a logical error is the slippery slope argument. This occurs when someone argues that a certain event will lead to a series of increasingly negative outcomes, without providing any evidence to support the likelihood of these events occurring. For example, "If we legalize marijuana, it will lead to the legalization of all drugs, which will lead to a breakdown of society." This argument commits the fallacy of the slippery slope because it presents a chain reaction of events as if they were a sure thing, without any evidence to back it up.

Another example of a logical error is the appeal to ignorance. This occurs when someone argues that a statement is true simply because it has not been proven false, or that a statement is false simply because it has not been proven true. For example, "There is no evidence that ghosts don't exist, so ghosts must exist." This argument commits the fallacy of appeal to ignorance because it asserts a claim based on a lack of evidence, rather than providing evidence to support the claim.

The Straw man fallacy is another common logical error. This happens when someone misrepresents another person's argument, then proceeds to argue against the misrepresentation. For example, imagine someone argues "All guns should be banned" and the opponent argue back "So you want to take away people's right to defend themselves?" . The opponent is misrepresenting the original argument, implying that the first person wants to remove the people's right to self defense when the first person only said that all guns should be banned.

The ad hominem fallacy is another form of logical error, it is an attempt to refute an argument by attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself. For example, "John says we should invest in renewable energy, but he's just a tree-hugging hippie so we can't trust him." This argument commits the ad hominem fallacy because it attacks John's character, rather than addressing the merits of his argument for investing in renewable energy.

Another example is the false dilemma which is also known as false dichotomy or the false choice. This occurs when someone presents only two options as if they were the only options available, when in reality there are more options available. For example "You're either with us or against us" This type of argument tries to force a decision between two options, while in reality there might be more options than two.

In conclusion, logical errors can take many forms, and they can be found in many different types of arguments. It is important to be aware of them, so that you can recognize them when they occur, and avoid making them yourself. By being aware of logical fallacies and the many different ways they can be used, you will be better equipped to evaluate arguments critically, and make more informed decisions.

 

 

논리적 오류(Logical errors)라고도 하는 논리적 실수는 잘못되거나 신뢰할 수 없는 결론으로 이어질 수 있는 추론의 오류입니다. 논리적 오류에는 다양한 유형이 있으며 일상 대화에서 학술 연구에 이르기까지 다양한 상황에서 사용할 수 있습니다.

논리적 오류의 한 예는 미끄러운 경사 인수입니다. 이것은 누군가가 특정 사건이 발생할 가능성을 뒷받침하는 증거를 제공하지 않고 일련의 점점 더 부정적인 결과로 이어질 것이라고 주장할 때 발생합니다. 예를 들어, "마리화나를 합법화하면 모든 마약의 합법화로 이어져 사회 붕괴로 이어질 것입니다." 이 논증은 뒷받침할 증거도 없이 사건의 연쇄 반응을 마치 확실한 것처럼 제시하기 때문에 미끄러운 비탈길의 오류를 범합니다.

논리적 오류의 또 다른 예는 무지에 대한 호소입니다. 이것은 어떤 사람이 단순히 거짓이 입증되지 않았기 때문에 진술이 사실이라고 주장하거나 단순히 사실이 입증되지 않았기 때문에 진술이 거짓이라고 주장할 때 발생합니다. 예를 들어, "유령이 존재하지 않는다는 증거가 없으므로 유령은 존재해야 합니다." 이 주장은 주장을 뒷받침할 증거를 제공하기보다 증거 부족에 근거하여 주장하기 때문에 무지에 호소하는 오류를 범합니다.

Straw man 오류는 또 다른 일반적인 논리적 오류입니다. 이것은 누군가가 다른 사람의 주장을 잘못 표현한 다음 잘못된 주장에 대해 논쟁을 계속할 때 발생합니다. 예를 들어, 어떤 사람이 "모든 총기는 금지되어야 합니다"라고 주장하고 상대방은 "그래서 당신은 사람들의 자신을 방어할 권리를 빼앗고 싶습니까?"라고 반박한다고 상상해 보십시오. . 상대는 첫 번째 사람이 모든 총기를 금지해야 한다고만 말했을 때 첫 번째 사람이 국민의 자위권을 제거하고 싶다는 것을 암시하는 원래 주장을 잘못 전달하고 있습니다.

인신공격 오류(ad hominem fallacy)는 논리적 오류의 또 다른 형태로, 논증 자체가 아니라 논증을 하는 사람을 공격함으로써 논증을 반박하려는 시도입니다. 예를 들어, "John은 우리가 재생 가능 에너지에 투자해야 한다고 말하지만 그는 단지 나무를 껴안는 히피일 뿐이므로 우리는 그를 믿을 수 없습니다." 이 주장은 재생 가능 에너지에 대한 투자에 대한 John의 주장의 장점을 다루기보다는 John의 성격을 공격하기 때문에 인신공격 오류를 범합니다.

또 다른 예는 잘못된 이분법 또는 잘못된 선택이라고도 알려진 잘못된 딜레마입니다. 실제로는 더 많은 옵션이 있는데도 누군가가 두 가지 옵션만 사용할 수 있는 것처럼 제시할 때 발생합니다. 예를 들어 "당신은 우리와 함께하거나 반대합니다" 이 유형의 논쟁은 두 가지 옵션 사이에서 결정을 내리려고 시도하지만 실제로는 두 가지보다 더 많은 옵션이 있을 수 있습니다.

결론적으로 논리적 오류는 다양한 형태를 띨 수 있으며 다양한 유형의 논증에서 발견될 수 있습니다. 이러한 문제가 발생했을 때 인식하고 스스로 만들지 않도록 인식하는 것이 중요합니다. 논리적 오류와 이를 사용할 수 있는 다양한 방법을 인식함으로써 논증을 비판적으로 평가하고 더 많은 정보에 입각한 결정을 내릴 수 있습니다.